第一百二十二章 雷池 8(1 / 1)

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唐懿宗大中十四年(860),温庭筠应在襄阳、江陵之间。段成式又有《寄温飞卿葫芦管笔往复书》;温庭筠有《答段柯古赠葫芦管笔状》。温庭筠在襄阳,与段成式、余知古、韦蟾、徐商辈唱和,嫁女于段成式子安节。方南生《段成式年谱》中将段温唱和系于上一年。是年有《汉上题襟集》十卷,清初尚存,今佚。张采田认为温庭筠为徐商从事,首尾不过一年。徐商咸通元年调任京职,温庭筠解职归江东。客江陵,贫病交侵,旅况颇窘。有诗《和段少常柯古》、《答段柯古见嘲》、《光风亭夜宴妓有醉殴者》(注云:成式、韦蟾同咏,出纪事)、《和周繇广阳公宴嘲段成式》。有文《答段柯古赠葫芦管笔状》、《上令狐相公启》(从襄阳干谒令狐绹)、《谢纥于相公启》。

唐懿宗咸通二年(861),温庭筠或在江陵。因山南东道节度使徐商去年内征,温庭筠离襄阳幕,是年抵江陵,入荆南节度使萧邺幕为从事。在荆南幕曾上书令狐绹(《上令狐相公启》),冀其汲引。

唐懿宗咸通四年(863),温庭筠过广陵为虞侯所辱,脸上受伤,门牙脱落,诉之令狐绹,令狐绹叛虞侯无罪。事情传到京里,温庭筠至长安致书政要,为己辩冤。约在是年温庭筠再贬方城尉。《云溪友议》卷七记纪唐夫赠温庭筠诗应作于此时。有诗《春日将欲东归寄新及第苗绅先辈》(顾学颉将此诗系在是年春),文《上裴相公启》(辩白在淮南为令狐绹指使虞侯折辱事,裴相公或指裴休,此启即《旧唐书》所谓“自至长安,致书公卿闻雪冤”事)、《程修已墓志》。顾学颉《新旧唐书温庭筠传订补》中认为温庭筠咸通三年春夏之交由江陵起行至扬州。咸通三年冬令狐绹镇淮南,二人有宿怨,令狐绹又恨温庭筠久不刺谒,故意使人折辱温庭筠。夏承焘认为温庭筠由江陵启程去扬州在咸通四年春夏。[6][7]

流落而终

唐懿宗咸通七年(866),温庭筠在长安国子监任职。尹楚兵《令狐绹年谱》中记是年温庭筠任国子助教,主持秋试,因榜进士诗三十余篇以振公道,触怒宰相杨收,贬方城尉,不久去世。有文《榜国子监》。

唐懿宗咸通十年(869),四月,温庭筠弟温庭皓被杀于徐州。六月,徐商罢相,出为荆南节度使。是年二月杨收流驩州,寻赐死。新旧唐书所记徐商罢相后温庭筠为杨收所嫉妒而贬官事,夏承焘认为有误。

唐懿宗咸通十一年(870),温璋以京兆尹贬为振州司马,服毒自尽。温璋是温庭筠远亲。此前数年,道士鱼玄机以笞杀女童绿翘事,被温璋所杀。辛文房《唐才子传》载鱼玄机与温庭筠交游,有相寄篇什,如《冬夜寄温飞卿》《寄飞卿》等诗。是年后温庭筠行实皆无考。[1][7][8][9][10][11]

温庭筠的诗艺术表现手法灵活多样,既有辞藻讲究、不厌其烦的描写,也不乏格调高峻、语言清新的警句,写得清婉精丽,备受时人推崇。从诗歌体式方面来看,他最擅长的是乐府诗和近体律绝。温庭筠诗集中有约六分之一的乐府诗,华美秾艳,多写闺阁、宴游题材。其乐府诗中,成就较高的主要是咏史怀古、爱情风怀、记游写景(包括边塞之游)之作,但写宴饮、音乐的也有佳作。温庭筠的近体诗中成就最高的是七律,其次是五律和七绝。七律咏史诗如《过陈琳墓》《苏武庙》《马嵬驿》,历来被视为佳制,可与李商隐方驾。五律颇多警句佳联,如《商山早行》诗之“鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜”,更是不朽名句,千古流传。相传宋代文学家欧阳修非常赞赏这一联,曾自作“鸟声茅店雨,野色板桥春”,但终未能超出温诗原意。温庭筠七绝风格多样,而均擅胜场,较之五律多佳联少全篇,似更胜一筹。五绝仅四首,但亦有《碧磵驿晓思》这种写瞬间感触而颇具神韵的佳篇。温庭筠近体诗中咏史怀古之作较为突出,爱情题材比重较小,往往格韵清拔,不同于其乐府诗的艳丽,其中不乏抒情寄愤、感慨深切之作。

温庭筠是第一位专力于“倚声填词”的诗人。温庭筠的词思想内容相对集中,多以女性为主人公,多抒写她们的离别相思之情。她们的身份或为歌妓,或为女冠,或为丈夫远戍的思妇,或为深宫的嫔妃,或为采莲女,其中有相当一部分内容不涉绮怨。词集中有以咏柳为内容的流行歌曲,如《杨柳八首》等;还有主人公为男性,内容为行役、咏壮别的词作,如《清平乐·洛阳愁绝》等。

温庭筠的词大致有两种不同的艺术风格,一种秾丽密隐,一种流丽轻倩。其词多情致含蕴,辞藻浓艳,虽属秾丽密隐一路,但其真正所长者是清疏明快、流丽自然而又富于情韵的一路。温庭筠善于选择富有特征的景物构成艺术境界,表现人物的情思,在创造词的意境上作出较大贡献。由于精擅音律,加之多与乐工歌伎往还,熟悉民间词调及教坊曲调,温庭筠对词作的音调声律颇为讲求并刻意锤炼,还能对民间词调及教坊曲调信手拈来旧曲以创益新调,这都对词的格律形式的规范起到了促进作用,还注重语言的格律音韵与曲调节奏融为一体,在艺术上普遍达到较高水准。由于词学上的极高成就,温庭筠被称为花间词祖,在词史上具有极高地位。[12-13][14][15][16][17][18]

其他成就

骈文

温庭筠还是一位骈文作家。他的骈文精工典丽,情韵并美,行文流畅,富于变化,展现出独特的风格和魅力。温庭筠骈文与李商隐、段成式齐名,因为三人都排行十六,人称“三十六体”。[13][15][16]

小说

据《新唐书·艺文志》,温庭筠撰有小说《乾巽子》三卷,今尚有三十三篇小说散见于《太平广记》里,内容涉及文人轶事以及鬼怪妖狐的奇闻异事,有简洁的琐记杂录,也有内容丰实的长篇故事。程毅中在《唐代小说史》中言:“《乾巽子》是一部兼有志人、志怪和杂记琐事的小说集,它有综合性。”[19][20][21-22]

学术

据《新唐书·艺文志》,温庭筠编撰有《采茶录》一卷(一说三卷),编纂类书《学海》十卷(一说三十卷)。《采茶录》编著于咸通元年(860),今仅存残篇。《学海》已不传。[20]

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